Compare And Contrast Situational Crime Prevention

Compare And Contrast Situational Crime Prevention A democratic society is one in which all supreme powers lie with the people of that community. It requires individuals to answer for his or her actions and requires people to know what they can and can not do. It is a system that promotes individual accountability and responsibility with an oversight to judge ones actions. Democracy promotes rights and freedoms and guarantees society criminal punishment when these rights and freedoms have been infringed upon. This means that in order to live in a democratic society, individuals must value and respect others around them, follow the norms and standards of society, and understand that sanctions apply if they infringe upon anothers standard of life. Crimes are simply the acts or omissions that violate what is acceptable in society. Crimes theory underlines why certain actions are unacceptable and improper; it illustrates reasons why people commit crime and demonstrates why there must be consequences in order to deter others. In most western societies there are codes of conduct or laws that regulate how society is to function and how individuals are to behave. However, no matter how many rules, there remain individuals insistent on partaking in crime and unacceptable behaviour. Born is crime prevention, one approach to dealing with crime. Crime prevention is an attempt to reduce victimization and to deter crime and criminals. It is applied specifically to efforts made by governments to reduce crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal justice.  [1]  It can be divided into people, place and situation.  [2]  The approach that focuses on people is generally known as crime prevention through social development, where as the approach that focuses on place is generally known as crime prevention through environmental design . When these two approaches are combined with situational crime prevention it has been found that there can be serious reductions in actual crime and delinquency. For the purpose of this essay we are concerned with situational crime prevention and defensible space, a form of crime prevention through environmental design. Situational Crime Prevention Situational crime prevention (SCP) is a strategy which tries to reduce the opportunity for crime by increasing the risks and decreasing the rewards of committing crime.  [3]  SCP focuses on preventing the opportunity for crime to occur by addressing factors within a given location that create a crime hotspot. This also includes diminishing characteristics that may make some people more vulnerable to victimisation because of certain situations.  [4]  Increasing the risks of detection, reducing the rewards for offending and increasing the difficulty of offending are all ways to prevent situational crimes. Preventative measures can include installing locks and alarms, increasing surveillance through lighting and making buildings harder to enter. SCP is based on the theory that most crimes committed are contextual and opportunistic. Therefore, an individual about to commit a crime is simply responding to the situation around them. SCP examines the circumstances and environment in which individuals may commit crimes, it then identifies possible risks or future crimes, and then searches for solutions specific to those situations. SCP solutions could include: Increasing the effort required to commit a crime, making it less attractive Increasing the risk of being caught Reducing the potential rewards of crime Reducing provocations and temptations Removing excuses for committing crime SCP consists of three sub theories: Routine Activity Theory Every crime involves three elements: an offender, a target, and an insufficiently guarded environment (thus, must address one or all three). Rational Choice Theory Criminals make rational choices (and not randomly) and thus can be deterred from crime. Offender Search Theory Crime is very opportunistic; offenders respond to cues given out by the environment (thus, must focus on reducing opportunities). Basically, situational crimes occur because of the situation and environment that an individual is in. Therefore to prevent crime, the theory illustrates that we must change the environment and setting of not only criminal hotspots, but also all areas where possible crimes may take place. An example of an effective SCP campaign is that of the Victorian Governments new measures on street crime. There have been a growing number of intoxicated individuals in the CBD of Melbourne and some individuals and groups have been involved in fights and drunken and disorderly behavior. Situational solutions included education of bar staff and patrons about responsible drinking; regulations addressing the number, size and location of bars and their closing times; police presence at closing times; and availability of public transport. This one form of SCP has worked in that assaults in the CBD of Melbourne have decreased on average 5.6% since 2008-2009 to 2009-2010.  [5]   This leads us in to the term defensible space. Defensible Space Defensible Space (DS) is the idea that crime and delinquency can be controlled and mitigated through community and environmental design. The idea is important because it associates an individuals environment to his or her expectation of crime in the community or society to which they belong.  [6]  The difference between DS and SCP is that DS is concerned with the residential environment whose physical characteristics (building layout and site plan) function to allow residents themselves to become the key agents in ensuring their own security  [7]  , SCP on the other hand relies on governments or authorities assessing the situation and environment of a crime, and then provide sustainable measures in dealing with the setting so as to provide a crime free zone. DS argues that a community is safer when the people feel a sense of ownership and responsibility for their piece of society. It asserts that the criminal is isolated and cut off because his turf is removed  [8]  when all land and property is owned and cared for individuals or members of the community. If an intruder can sense a watchful community, he feels less secure committing his crime  [9]  . The idea is that crime and delinquency can be controlled and mitigated through environmental designs. There are four factors that make a defensible space:  [10]   Territoriality the idea that ones home is sacred Natural surveillance the link between an areas physical characteristics and the residents ability to see what is happening Image the capacity of the physical design to impart a sense of security Milieu other features that may affect security, such as proximity to a police substation or busy commercial area These factors that make a defensible space are crucial to effectively prevent crimes. DS goes further then SCP because it does not rely on crimes to take place, then be analyzed by a third party, and then enacted upon by future deterrent by lack of opportunity. DS can simply prevent crimes because individuals are not likely to offend when they know that there is a member of the community watching them. SCP Strengths SCP prevents the opportunity for future crimes to exist by addressing the environment and setting to which past crimes have occurred. With the opportunity gone, the theory states that there can be no crime. SCP makes use of mechanical and organizational measures such as CCTV cameras and security guards. This is an effective way to observe crime and keep the public out of harms way in that individuals do not need to confront offenders. This is in the publics best interest in that it is harm minimization for all members of society. DS Strengths DS is inexpensive on the public purse in that it is the people that are policing society. Governments dont need to spend endless amounts of money into new crime prevention techniques and gadgets. DS promotes public awareness and natural surveillance to crime; with the public all looking for crime then individuals have little chance of getting away with crime. This fact deters individuals from offending in that the risk of getting caught greatly out-weighs that of not. It also promotes public unity, in that the people of society can unite as one against the face of crime and report everything they see. Contrast and Critique In analysing DS we can establish the notion that it attempts to be the only preventative measure against crime. DS is individualistic and private, and SCP is collective and public. However, the theory of DS does embark on the opportunity to make SCP and other crime prevention theories obsolete. DS is about changing the environment so as to deter individuals from crime. So therefore, we could engender the concept that if all environments were changed to a private setting, and all individuals take on all four characteristics illustrated in DS, then there is no opportunity in theory for crime to be committed. If natural surveillance increases the threat of being caught by taking steps to increase the perception that people can be seen, then that should be enough to deter possible offenders. Natural surveillance through environmental design should, if effectively rolled out, be enough to take opportunity away from possible situations, and thus make SCP invalid in that DS has managed to d o what SCP aimed at doing. We can see that whilst in theory DS can effectively deal with preventing crime in the public and private arena, it is wholly unrealistic to suggest that DS, based on environmental design is ever going to be put into one hundred percent practice. Like most theories and ideologies, we can only implement parts and elements of the theory. It is unrealistic to suggest that in Australian society, let alone the world, DS can be permitted and effectively rolled out. There is simply not enough money to pay for the infrastructure needed to create such an ideology present, and that is assuming that it would be a joint venture between both public and private financing. Not everyone can afford to upgrade their house so as to convene the philosophies of DS. It is obvious that both DS and SCP need to work together to create sustainable and effective crime prevention. Both share common ground in that both rely on some form of surveillance to effectively deny an opportunity to prevent crime occurring. Natural surveillance measures can be complemented by mechanical and organizational measures. For example, CCTV cameras can be added in areas where window surveillance is unavailable. This combines the strengths of both SCP and DS in that CCTV prevents the opportunity for crime because offenders can be identified. This is one example of how SCP and DS can both work together to achieve crime prevention. More security guards in shopping centers is both a SCP and DS preventative measure in that the individuals are less likely to offend with a security guard is about, the visible presence is an SCP tactic. If there is crime, the people in the shopping centre can notify the security guards, who as an authority, can act accordingly, this is a DS tactic. Conclusion I started off this essay by talking about two things, democracy and its relationship with crime. DS and SCP as ideologies and theories, to an extent, whilst protecting some of our rights, actually take away what we most prize; our fundamental rights to freedom and privacy. These essential rights and freedoms are inhibited upon through the enactment of DS and SCP; it brings us to the question therefore at what price must we pay to feel safe and secure, to be a crime free society? This question is beyond me because I have mixed views, I like the notions behind DS and SCP and agree more so with philosophies behind DS, however, I also understand that to protect rights we infringe on others.

Home Daycare or Daycare Center

Commercial daycare or In-home childcare: Is one better than the other? Lisa Pedler ENG121: English Composition I Instructor Jenna Fussell July 30, 2012 When it comes down to choosing the best childcare option for your child, the first factor that most parents look at is: what that particular child needs. Now, there is nothing wrong with that, but there are a number of factors that needs to be considered prior to making that final choice. The decision of whether to send your child to a commercial daycare center or an in-home family childcare should depend on more than just the need of the child.Parents need to also consider environment, cost, certification, daily schedules, and provider to child ratios. When a parent finally makes the ultimate decision to place their child into the care of someone else, they must be sure that it’s the best person or place not only for the child but for them as a parents as well. Daycare centers provide children with a safe, and healthy environm ent that not only gives the child a place to laugh and play, but a place to build and improve their social and developmental skills.Daycare centers are required to uphold all state requirements such as provider to child ratios, health inspections, food regulations, cleanliness, safety, and discipline. The provider to child ratio can vary depending on the state regulation, the size of the building, and the age of the children. There could be times where there are more children to one provider than a parent may be comfortable with- meaning your child may not get that one on one attention he or she may need. Age groups separate children in a commercial daycare center, therefore allowing children to mingle amongst children their own age.This also helps with the issue of having younger children around toys that the older children are permitted to play with. State issued health inspections are required but the frequencies of such inspections can vary. State regulated centers must also pas s food regulations, as well as implement required safety and disciplinary protocols. The environment of the daycare center needs to be considered. Most daycare centers provide children with a number of child size equipment, furniture and activities. They also offer many different stations children can rotate into throughout the day.A state regulated center can offer a parent the security of having implemented the use of security cameras. Daycare centers also have a steep chain of command, which is lead by the centers director. When you think of a daycare center, you think of costs. It is implied that commercial daycare costs are usually on the more expensive end of the bar. One must think of its employees that have to be paid and other programs that have to be paid for. Even though a daycare center may be a bit expensive, most parents believe that it is well worth it considering all a center can offer them and their child(ren).Another factor that needs to be explored when looking at a commercial daycare center is the issue of illnesses amongst the children. When a child is in a four-wall room with 15 other children, the risk of catching another child’s illness goes up drastically. Not only does the risk factor go up, but the possibility of containing the illness goes down. There are so many children in and out of the room throughout the day that germs are being spread from child to child to toy to toy. Moving away from commercial daycare centers, we look into in-home family childcare.Deciding to go with in-home care not only brings just about all the advantages of a daycare center, but it also brings a little more to the table. When choosing an in-home care, you would need to be sure that it is a licensed home. When a home is licensed, they too have to follow state requirements for provider to child ratio, health inspections, food regulations, cleanliness, safety, and discipline. Most states requires that in-home childcare have a smaller ratio than what a commercial daycare center may have for one provider.This ultimately means that your child will get more of a one on one experience. However, an in-home care may have a smaller number of children, but they have a broader age range in care. This simply means that one home can consist of a six-week old infant, a two-year-old toddler, and a four-year-old preschooler. Just as commercial daycares, in-home childcare has to go through many health inspections and also be able to pass implemented food regulations, as well as safety and disciplinary protocols.In-home childcare environments may differ from those of a commercial center. The space of an in-home care may be limited to an area of the home; however, the child can feel more at home due to the fact that it still remains a home. Having this as an advantage may give the child more security than that of a commercial center. In-home childcare costs are usually lower than that of a commercial daycare center. This can be for reason such as the provider sets the rates, and that there is only one person that needs to get paid.Having one provider in the home means that the payments that are coming in does not have to be calculated between several individuals, therefore bringing down the cost of childcare. The issue of traveling germs may not be of a high risk factor in an in-home care as it would be in a daycare center. The smaller number of children in a home makes it a little easier for an illness to be contained. It becomes easier to watch the children, watch what is being shared, and what is being put into their mouths because of the smaller number.In the end, parents have a huge decision to make. Whether a parent chooses the safe, more sociable, and more costly way of childcare or the still safe, more family orientated, and less costly way of childcare; the decision of leaving your child in the care of someone else is huge. When on the hunt for that home away from home for your child; there are many factors that should be considered. Whether you decide to go with a commercial daycare center or an in-home care, your child is going to be off to a great start in life in a safe, and playful environment.

Jihad Vs McWorld Essay

In nature, there are always at least two forces acting on each other. They either tend to be always in opposition to one another to ultimately destroy the other or to create a new force that is a mixture of elements coming from each of the present forces. In society, Benjamin Barber identified two forces or tendencies, given the political and economic trends at the time of his writing, which may come in to being and could pose a threat to democracy as we know it: tribalism and globalism. At the present time, â€Å"Jihad Vs. McWorld† offers a good retrospective view of things that had just recently occurred. Students of history are offered a good summary of how things were going at the end of the last century and how these could possibly come out, if it had not yet turned out to be so, today, and a possible means of securing democracy that can withstand the forces of McWorld and Jihad. As a political theorist, Barber offers some insights of the trends that were going on in the 1990s and as well as some factors that are inextricably linked to these trends. These trends, McWorld and Jihad, he described as both being undemocratic in its effects to the citizenry. In McWorld, he talks of the â€Å"four imperatives† that govern its dynamics. Market imperative, resource imperative, information-technology imperative and ecological imperative, according to Barber, make up the working guidelines that govern the dynamics of McWorld. Personally, it may seem a bit far-reaching to talk about these imperatives verging on generalities, but then again he is trying to clarify a concept that is in operation in a big world and that because of these imperatives such a big world in ever shrinking smaller with the passing of each day. In Jihad, he talks of the struggles of people based on ethnic, racial, cultural, and religious differences whose final aim is â€Å"to redraw boundaries†¦ [and] escape McWorld’s dully insistent imperatives. † At first reading, it may be quite surprising that these same reasons for which minorities struggle to be recognized within existing national boundaries are claimed to be the self-same reasons for which nations were born; nations composed of various groups of people with many differing aspects but with at least one common feature that became the focal point of their unification in the past after the break up of empires. This initial surprise can probably be overcome if one looks at the latter concept as a case of self-determination against a colonial master and the former as a case for self-identification. For both McWorld and Jihad, Barber paints grim pictures if in case one of the two takes the upper hand over the other and it really does not matter which wins in the end for both have undemocratic tendencies. McWorld is said to offer peace and prosperity and relative unity while Jihad brings forth a sense of community, kinship and solidarity. Seemingly, the offerings to the citizenry of McWorld and Jihad are mutually exclusive. One might not have a slice of McWorld and another slice of Jihad at the same time. McWorld hinges on interdependence while Jihad is based on exclusion. But Barber offer a middle ground for which the economic benefits of McWorld can be availed of while maintaining the exclusionist ideal of Jihad. He offers a representative confederal government as an ideal solution to address the excesses of both McWorld and Jihad; a form of â€Å"decentralized participatory democracy,† that has some elements of parochialism, communitarianism and participatory governance. Barber argues that, after all as a tree grows from the roots going upward, democracy starts from the bottom up and not from the top going down. This view I share with Barber. People compose nations and it is essential, I believe, that the ideal principles of self-determination and government be well laid out and understood by this self-same people so as to avoid the excesses of Jihad and McWorld or at least minimize them. The discussions of Barber in Jihad Vs. McWorld creates a dark picture that sometimes we could not easily accept that we could even dismiss it as a far-reaching generalization of the trends of the time that would eventually dissipate. But the beauty of this essay lies in the fact that it came at a time when the events that he was discussing were but recent and may have been witnessed first-hand by those among us right now. We could easily ascertain the accuracy and veracity of his claims from other resources or even from our own memories, if it is sufficient enough (i. . had we been born a few years before or within the years of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Quebecois unrest, etc. ). Furthermore, the solution that he proposes is something that is not totally radical and would pose as a mild readjustment of the current system of have now. Students of history, both those studying it in the halls of learning and those studying it in the realm of wide world, can benefit greatly from this work by Barber. In exposing the excesses of McWorld and Jihad, he did not indulge in radical rhetoric and offered a middle ground solution that could take in the best of both worlds, so to speak. He leaves the reader the choice whether to adopt his proposal or at least gives room for others to expose a better one than his, after all this is the very essence of the democracy that he espouses. It may take time to reap the benefits of finding or adopting a middle-ground solution of Jihad and McWorld and could not be rushed. Moderation is the key and haste is an invisible wall. In the end, the tortoise has always won over the hare.

Design Of Design Communication And Rhetoric Essay - 873 Words

Whether it is the Blog post by Utile Design, â€Å"Design Communication and Rhetoric,† or the Educational paper titled â€Å"An Argument for Argument in Architectural Education,† both stress an utmost concern for the lack of education in relation to certain skills that are invaluable in the design field in Architecture Schools in the United States. These skills include, but are not limited to, well-rounded critical thinking, written and oral, and interpersonal communication skills in relation to both design thinking and design process. â€Å"Design Communication and Rhetoric† dwells into detail of why such skills are important, but fails to provide any solution except for a concise census. However, in â€Å"An Argument for Argument in Architectural Education† the authors state the issue and concern, but also state a solution in which schools can adapt to meet a new agenda. 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